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Trial-2 Inclusion for the STRIVE Platform: 1. Age ≥18 years; 2. Informed consent for trial participation; 3. Hospital admission (or boarding in an emergency department or other area awaiting hospital admission) with signs and/or symptoms of a respiratory infection. Additional Inclusion for Trial 2 (as described in Appendix E2): 1. Confirmation of SARS-CoV2 infection by nucleic acid test (NAT) or equivalent non-NAT test collected within 14 days of randomization. 2. Requiring hospitalization for the management of COVID-19. 3. Has evidence of COVID-19 pneumonia defined as either: a. Receiving supplemental low flow oxygen, >0 L/min and ≤2 L/min, with evidence of airspace disease on chest imaging (X-ray, computer tomography or ultrasound) OR b. Receiving supplemental low flow oxygen, >2 L/min and <10 L/min. 4. Currently receiving or planned to receive (ordered) one Immunomodulator drug (for example, a corticosteroid or baricitinib, but NOT abatacept) as part of treatment of COVID-19 prior to randomisation. 5. Has started supplemental oxygen for the treatment of COVID-19 within the past 5 calendar days. Patients on home oxygen are eligible if current oxygen flow rate is increased from pre-COVID-19 level and all other study criteria are met. 6. Investigator agrees that the pneumonia is due to COVID-19.
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Exclusion for the STRIVE Platform: 1.Patient expected to be discharged from hospital within 24 hours; 2. Medical condition other than acute respiratory infection (and its manifestations) that is likely to result in death within 7 days, Moribund condition, defined as prior cardiac arrest during this hospitalization and life expectancy less than 48 hours; 3. Patient undergoing comfort care measures only such that treatment focuses on end-of-life symptom management over prolongation of life; 4. Expected inability or unwillingness to participate in study procedures; 5. In the opinion of the responsible investigator, participation in a trial is not in the best interest of the patient Additional Exclusion for Trial-2 (as described in Appendix E2) For this trial, additional exclusions not outlined in the master protocol include: 1. Oxygen requirement of 10 L/min or more of low flow oxygen (or equivalent if using Venturi mask, etc.), or requiring high-flow oxygen (HFNO), non-invasive ventilation (NIV), invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) or ECMO. 2. Received more than one baseline IM for treatment of the current COVID-19 infection at the time of trial enrollment (examples: corticosteroid, baricitinib, tocilizumab, anakinra, abatacept, or infliximab). 3. Participant anticipated to not meet all inclusion criteria within 24 hours of randomization in the opinion of the investigator. 4. Allergy to investigational agent. 5. Neutropenia: absolute neutrophil count <1000 cells/μL (<1.0 x 103/μL or <1.0 x 109/L) on most recent lab within 2 calendar days of randomization. 6. Lymphopenia: absolute lymphocyte count <200 cells/μL (<0.20 x 103/μL or <0.20 x 109/L) on most recent lab within 2 calendar days of randomization. 7. Known or suspected active or recent serious infection (bacterial, fungal, viral, or parasitic infection, excepting SARS-CoV-2) that in the opinion of the investigator could constitute a risk when taking investigational agent. Note: Broad spectrum empiric antibiotic usage does not exclude participation. 8. Known or suspected history of untreated tuberculosis (TB). TB diagnosis may be suspected based on medical history and concomitant therapies that would suggest TB infection. Participants are also excluded if they have known, latent TB treated for less than 4 weeks with appropriate anti-tuberculosis therapy per local guidelines (by history only, no screening required). 9. Received any live vaccine (or live attenuated) within 3 months before screening or intend to receive a live vaccine (or live attenuated) during the trial. Use of prior non-live (inactivated) vaccinations is allowed for all participants, including any vaccine for COVID-19. 10. Pre-existing immunomodulation or immunosuppression that meets any of the following: a. Participant has received abatacept for an indication other than COVID-19 within 5 half-lives (65 days) of enrollment (Abatacept elimination half-life is 13.1 days.) b. Participant is receiving immune modulatory therapy for autoimmune, transplant management or another indication AND has one or more of the following: i. evidence of active infection (other than COVID-19) or ii. has required reduction in their immune modulatory therapy in the preceding 6 months due to infectious complication (routine reduction as SOC is not an exclusion) or iii. has required intensification in immune modulatory therapy within the preceding 6 months due to organ rejection/worsening underlying disease status (e.g., intensification with an additional agent on top of usual immunosuppressive regimen). c. Participant has recently received or is anticipated to require immune modulatory agents for their underlying disease including chemotherapeutic treatments likely to induce neutropenia or lymphopenia. d. Participant has untreated advanced HIV (known CD4 <200 cells/mm3 in the past 6 months) AND is not established on antiretroviral therapy. 11. Pregnancy or intention to become pregnant within 60 days of randomization. 12. Currently breastfeeding. 13. Co-enrollment in other trials not predetermined to be compatible with this trial. 14. In the investigator’s judgment, the participant has any advanced organ dysfunction that would not make participation appropriate. 15.The treating clinician expects inability to participate in trial procedures or participation would not be in the best interests of the patient.
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Statistical analysis, primary endpoint and sample Size in trial-2: The primary outcome is the DRS-60, an ordinal outcome with 63 categories that combines information about mortality and time to recovery. The outcome is assessed on Day 60. The two worst categories are “death” and “alive, not recovered (on Day 60).” A participant is considered “recovered” when they fulfilled all three of the following conditions: 1) discharged from the hospital, 2) returned to home, and 3) remained at home, uninterrupted, through Day 60. A sample size of 1500 participants (750/arm) is sufficient to detect around a 35% better improvement compared to the placebo arm.
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